Water-soluble polymeric xenobiotics – Polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidon – And potential solutions to environmental issues: A brief review

Abstract

This paper describes a potential environmental problem closely linked with the global production of water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Both polymers make up the components of a multitude of products commonly utilized by industries and households. Hence, such a widespread use of PVA and PVP in the industrial sector and among consumers (the concentration of PVP in urban wastewater is approximately 7 mg/L) could pose a considerable problem, particularly to the environment. To this end, many publications have recently highlighted the poor biodegradability of PVA, in principle influenced by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Facts published on the environmental fate of PVP have been scant, basically reporting that it is a biologically resistant polymer. As a result, the commercially produced water-soluble polymers of PVA and PVP are essentially non-biodegradable and possess the capacity to accumulate in virtually all environmental media. Consequently, there is a chance of heightened risk to the very environmental constituents in which PVA and PVP accumulate, depending on the routes of entry and transformation processes underway in such constituents of the ecosystem. This assumption is confirmed by the findings of initial research, which is worrying. Herein, PVA was detected in a soil environment, while a relatively high concentration of PVP was found in river water. A review of the literature was conducted to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the fate of PVA and PVP in various environments, thereby also discerning potential solutions to tackle such dangers. This paper proposes methods to enhance the biodegradability of materials containing such materials; for PVA this means utilizing a suitable polysaccharide, whereas for PVP this pertains to actuating applications that induce substances to degrade. Accordingly, while it is understandable that this work cannot fully address all the issues associated with polymeric xenobiotics, it can still serve as a guide to discerning an economically viable solution, and provide a foundation for further research. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd