Sustainability of gender employment and pay gap types regarding female participation in corporate management

Abstract

The main goal of the study is to investigate the various types of the gender employment gap, the gender pay gap, and female participation in corporate management. These aspects have become even more important in the recent period. The comprehensive analysis of the eleven indicators demonstrates the fields of further examination. The employed panel regression analysis reveals that all the explored types of gender employment gaps along with the gender pay gap are statistically significant according to the certain regression models. All the gender employment gap types aimed at the geographical localisation are statistically significant regarding their impact on the eco-innovations. The second group of the gender employment gap types related to the work type behave in the same way reaching the highest levels of statistical significance. Similarly, the gender pay gap demonstrates statistical significance for its impact on the eco-innovations. Finally, female participation in corporate management achieves the highest statistical significance levels too. These outcomes point to the need for an observation of the particular effects assigned to the statistically significant regression models. Altogether, the two-way effect shows a very low level of statistical significance, while the time effect and the individual effect behave at a considerably higher level. It could be concluded that these effect types represent almost the same applicability. Hence, the position of the individual countries could be investigated in the further examination in order to demonstrate the disparities among the countries. The study outcomes will create a basement for the designers of national and regional environmental and innovation policies as well as for regulatory authorities.